Torque

In the context of cycling, torque refers to the twisting force applied to the pedals. It's an essential factor in determining how much power a cyclist can generate to propel the bike forward. Torque is measured in Newton-meters (Nm) and is the product of the force applied to the pedals and the distance from the pedal's axis to the point where the force is applied.

Mathematically, torque (τ) is represented as:

$\tau =\text{Force}\times \text{Lever Arm}$

Where:

• $\tau$ is the torque,
• $\text{Force}$ is the force applied to the pedals, and
• $\text{Lever Arm}$ is the distance from the pedal's axis to the point where the force is applied.

In cycling, torque is closely related to the concept of cadence and gear ratios. Cyclists can adjust the torque they apply to the pedals by changing gears or altering their cadence (pedal revolutions per minute). Different riding conditions, such as climbing hills or riding on flat terrain, may require adjustments in torque and cadence to optimize performance and efficiency.

High torque at low cadence is often associated with climbing hills or accelerating from a standstill, while lower torque at a higher cadence is common during sustained high-speed riding. The combination of torque and cadence influences a cyclist's overall power output, which is the rate at which energy is transferred to the bike's drivetrain to move it forward.

Understanding and effectively managing torque during cycling is crucial for optimizing performance, avoiding fatigue, and maintaining efficiency, especially during various terrains and riding conditions. Advanced cyclists often use this knowledge to choose appropriate gear ratios, adjust their pedaling technique, and enhance overall riding efficiency.